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There are inconsistencies in the reports of experiments on the effects of whole-body irradiation on protein synthesis. Some workers observed increases in synthetic activity soon after irradiation (Hevesy, 1949; Richmond, Altman & Salomon, 1951; Kay & Entenman, 1956; Butler, Cohn & Crathorn, 1957), others noticed no change (Abrams, 1951; Holmes & Mee, 1952; Killander, Ribbing, Ringertz & Richards, 1962) and some (Hempelmann, Carr, Frantz, Masters & Lamdin, 1950; Richmond, Ord & Stocken, 1957; Salganik, 1958) reported a decrease after irradiation. These erratic reports, especially the observed stimulation of synthesis, can be explained by the increased secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone from the pituitary gland after subjection to stresses (Selye, 1957; Bransome & Reddy, 1963) such as that caused by irradiation. This leads to the secretion from the adrenal cortex into the blood of abnormally large quantities of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids) that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (Bacq & Alexander, 1961). The release of adrenaline after radiation has also been shown to have a radioprotective effect as a result of its antioxidant activity (Bekkum & Cohen, 1955). It seems that much could be gained, in a study of the fundamental effects caused by irradiation in vivo, if the adrenal glands were first removed. The present paper describes differences in response to whole-body X-irradiation of normal and adrenalectomized rats as shown in the rates of protein synthesis in nuclei prepared from the thymus gland. It also shows that the ability of nuclear enzymes to synthesize proteins depends on free thiol groups. A preliminary account of these findings has already been reported (Smit & Stocken, 1963a). METHODS

The effects of x-irradiation on the incorporation of amino acids into proteins of nuclei from rat thymus gland