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The media most useful for penicillin production contain corn-steep liquor (CSL), which has a high organic acid content. Such media usually contain about 5 mg./ml. lactic acid and rather less than 0-5 mg./ml. acetic acid. It has been found beneficial to include organic acids, especially the two mentioned, in synthetic media for penicillin production (Stone & Farrell, 1946; Jarvis & Johnson, 1947; Calam & Hockenhull, 1949), and in general, media containing both acids gave better yields than those with either alone. It was considered that a study of the metabolism of these acids by Penicillium chrysogenum might throw light upon the biosynthesis of penicillin, and in particular upon the mode of formation of the branched-chain fivecarbon skeleton of penicillamine. Dimethylpyruvic acid (CIIMe . CO CO2H), a compound with a carbon chain sinrilar to that of penicillamine, has been isolated from Aspergilluws niger by Hida (1935) and, later, by Ramachandran & Walker (1951, 1952), but whereas our organism was found to produce keto acids, this acid was not isolated under parallel conditions. When lactate was used as starting material, a-oxoglutaric acid was isolated (Hockenhull, Wilkin & Winder, 1951). This work has been extended to cover other aspects of the metabolism oflactate and acetate so as to elucidate their general effects on the metabolic processes ofP. chrysogenum.

Organic acid metabolism of Penicillium chrysogenum. 1. Lactate and acetate