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Reduced protein expression of the cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) is thought to affect the susceptibility to stress-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) and cardiac alternans, but direct evidence for the role of RyR2 protein expression in VT and cardiac alternans is lacking. Here, we used a mouse model ( crr  m1 ) that expresses a reduced level of the RyR2 protein to determine the impact of reduced RyR2 protein expression on the susceptibility to VT, cardiac alternans, cardiac hypertrophy, and sudden death. Electrocardiographic analysis revealed that after the injection of relatively high doses of caffeine and epinephrine (agents commonly used for stress test), wild-type (WT) mice displayed long-lasting VTs, whereas the crr  m1 mutant mice exhibited no VTs at all, indicating that the crr  m1 mutant mice are resistant to stress-induced VTs. Intact heart Ca 2+ imaging and action potential (AP) recordings showed that the crr  m1 mutant mice are more susceptible to fast-pacing induced Ca 2+ alternans and AP duration alternans compared with WT mice. The crr  m1 mutant mice also showed an increased heart-to-body-weight ratio and incidence of sudden death at young ages. Furthermore, the crr  m1 mutant hearts displayed altered Ca 2+ ransients with increased time-to-peak and decay time ( T  50 ), increased ventricular wall thickness and ventricular cell area compared with WT hearts. These results indicate that reduced RyR2 protein expression suppresses stress-induced VTs, but enhances the susceptibility to cardiac alternans, hypertrophy, and sudden death.

biochemical journal

Reduced expression of cardiac ryanodine receptor protects against stress-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmia, but increases the susceptibility to cardiac alternans