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The scalability of highly efficient organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs) is one of the remaining challenges of solar module manufacturing.Various scalable methods have been explored to strive for uniform perovskitefilms of high crystal quality on large-area substrates. However, each of thesemethods have individual drawbacks, limiting the successful commercialization ofperovskite photovoltaics. Here, we report a fully scalable hybrid process,which combines vapor- and solution-based techniques to deposit high qualityuniform perovskite films on large-area substrates. This two-step process doesnot use toxic solvents, and it further allows facile implementation ofpassivation strategies and additives. We fabricated PSCs based on this processand used blade coating to deposit both charge transporting layers (SnO2 andSpiro-OMeTAD) without hazardous solvents in ambient air. The fabricated PSCshave yielded open-circuit voltage up to 1.16 V and power conversion efficiencyof 18.7 % with good uniformity on 5 cm x 5 cm substrates.

Triple-cation perovskite solar cells fabricated by hybrid PVD/blade coating process using green solvents