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It is possible to build free-standing, load-bearing structures using onlyrocks and loops of elastic material. We investigate how these structuresemerge, and find that the necessary maximum loop spacing (the critical spacing)is a function of the frictional properties of the grains and the elasticity ofthe confining material. We derive a model to understand both of theserelationships, which depends on a simplification of the behavior of the grainsat the edge of a structure. We find that higher friction leads to larger stablegrain-grain and grain-loop contact angles resulting in a simple function forthe frictional critical spacing, which depends linearly on friction to firstorder. On the other hand, a higher bending rigidity enables the loops to bettercontain the hydrostatic pressure of the grains, which we understand using ahydroelastic scale. These findings will illuminate the stabilization of dirt byplant roots, and potentially enable the construction of simple adhesion-lessstructures using only granular material and fiber.

Emergence of Structure in Columns of Grains and Elastic Loops