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Biomineralizing organisms are widely noted and extensively studied due totheir ability to generate structures exhibiting exceptional crystallographiccontrol. Primarily, it is the organisms, such as sea-urchins or bivalves, thatgenerate nearly single-crystalline biocrystals that have attracted attention.In contrast, biomineralizing organisms with seemingly disorderedpolycrystalline bio-armor have been left relatively unstudied. However, thecrystalline ordering in the black-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera,reveals that biominerals with varying crystal textures are an unrecognizedclass of functionally graded materials. Changing crystal textures inevitablycause a variation in Young modulus due to the orientation-dependent mechanicalproperties of crystals. The case of Pinctada margaritifera demonstrates thatbioceramics with such crystallographical gradients are toughened by stressdelocalization and reduced stress intensity factors, outperforming non-gradedcounterparts. These findings suggest that a multitude of biominerals, which areperceived as poorly ordered because of their polycrystallinity and changingcrystal textures, may be considered as graded materials with hithertounidentified emergent mechanical properties. The underlying design principle isremarkably simple and applicable to a wide range of crystalline materialclasses and may thus serve as a blueprint for future bioinspired functionalmaterials.

Biominerals with Texture Gradients are Functionally Graded Bioceramics Toughened by Stress Delocalization