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The erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA) was reported in 1987 as an important invention for global fiber-optic telecommunication. Since then, research on Er doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWA) operating at 1.5 mm has attracted considerable attention because multiple optical elements can be integrated on compact photonic chips to achieve optical amplification. Er ions have weak optical absorption coefficients originating from 4f–4f electronic transitions forbidden by the Laporte rule. Combining Er ions with organic ligands can significantly enhance the near infrared (NIR) emission because the indirect excitation of Er ions can occur by energy transfer (ET) from organic ligands via an antenna effect or sensitization effect. However, chemical bonds containing H atoms such as C–H and O–H in most organic components can cause severe vibrational quenching of the 1.54 mm emission, resulting in a weak NIR emission and short lifetimes with tens of microseconds and consequently preventing Er ions from attaining population inversion. One effective strategy to eliminate C–H bonds is to fully fluorinate organic compounds to reduce the vibrational quenching. The sensitized Er energy levels of the fully fluorinated Er complexes centre on the H11/2, F7/2, and S3/2 energy levels, corresponding to photons of green light. Such a sensitization of tris[tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)imidodiphosphinate] Er (Er(F-TPIP)3) 18 occurs in the green region regardless of whether a 266 nm laser is used to excite Er(F-TPIP)3 with sensitizing of Er ions or the perfluorinated zinc complex Zn(F-BTZ)2 or a six-coordinate iridium complex (Ir-tBuPBI) excited at 405 nm to sensitize the Er ions in Er(F-TPIP)3. 8,23 There are large energy differences between the sensitized energy levels (B2.38 eV) and the I13/2 energy level (B0.81 eV) in the NIR region, and consequently, part of the energy is lost in the form of heat during the process of relaxation preceding NIR emission, leading to a decreased sensitization efficiency. Finding a sensitizer with luminescence close to the I13/2 state can increase the sensitization efficiency because of the corresponding shift to a longer wavelength, and for a given photon flux, lower exciton energy means lower exciton power density (which is equal to the product of photon-flux and photon energy). With one exciton sensitizing one Er ion numerically, this approach can reduce the power needed to induce population inversion. Phthalocyanines (Pcs) have highly delocalized 18 p-electron conjugated rings leading to extreme stability, bright photoluminescence (PL), and electroluminescence (EL) properties in the NIR region. Metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) have contributed greatly in many fields, for example, organic dyesensitized solar cells and as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. However, no available perfluorinated matrix material that can avoid self-quenching of ErPc is known. In this article, we demonstrate enhanced 1.54 mm luminescence of Er in Er(F-TPIP)3 by using M(II) hexadecafluorophthalocyanines (F16MPc; M = Zn, Pt) as sensitizers. Both these compounds a Materials Research Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK. E-mail: h.ye@qmul.ac.uk, w.gillin@qmul.ac.ul b State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China c Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China d Materials Research Institute and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, UK. E-mail: p.b.wyatt@qmul.ac.uk † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/ d0tc05301e Received 11th November 2020, Accepted 30th November 2020

journal of materials chemistry. c

Enhanced 1.54 μm luminescence of a perfluorinated erbium complex sensitized by perfluorinated Pt(<scp>ii</scp>) and Zn(<scp>ii</scp>) phthalocyanines with 980 nm emission

Enhanced 1.54 μm luminescence of a perfluorinated erbium complex sensitized by perfluorinated Pt(ii) and Zn(ii) phthalocyanines with 980 nm emission