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Stress transmission in realistic granular media often occurs under externalload and in the presence of boundary slip. We investigate shear localization ina split-bottom Couette cell with smooth walls subject to a confining pressureexperimentally and by means of numerical simulations. We demonstrate how thecharacteristics of the shear zone, such as its center position and width,evolve as the confining pressure and wall slip modify the local effectivefriction coefficient of the material. For increasing applied pressure, theshear zone evolves toward the center of the cylinder and grows wider and theangular velocity reduces compared to the driving rate of the bottom disk.Moreover, the presence of slip promotes the transition from open shear zones atthe top surface to closed shear zones inside the bulk. We also systematicallyvary the ratio of the effective friction near the bottom plate and in the bulkin simulations and observe the resulting impact on the surface flow profile.Besides the boundary conditions and external load, material properties such asgrain size are also known to influence the effective friction coefficient.However, our numerical results reveal that the center position and width of theshear zone are insignificantly affected by the choice of the grain size as faras it remains small compared to the radius of the rotating bottom disk.

Evolution of shear zones in granular packings under pressure