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Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) present high second-orderoptical nonlinearity, which is extremely desirable for, e.g., frequencyconversion in nonlinear photonic devices. On the other hand, the atomicthickness of 2D materials naturally leads to low frequency convertedintensities, highlighting the importance to design structures that enhance thenonlinear response for practical applications. A number of methods to increasethe pump electric field at the 2D material has been reported, relying oncomplex plasmonic and/or metasurface structures. Here, we take advantage of thefact that unstructured substrates with a low refractive index naturallymaximize the pump field at a dielectric interface, offering a simple means topromote enhanced nonlinear optical effects. In particular, we measured secondharmonic generation (SHG) in MoS2 and WS2 on fluorine tin oxide (FTO), whichpresents an epsilon-near-zero point near our 1550-nm pump wavelength. PolarizedSHG measurements reveal an SHG intensity that is one order of magnitude higheron FTO than on a glass substrate.

Second-harmonic generation enhancement in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides by an epsilon-near-zero substrate