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High-performance anodes for rechargeable Li-ion battery are produced bynanostructuring of the transition metal oxides on a conductive support. Here,we demonstrate a hybrid material of MnO2 directly grown onto fabrics of carbonnanotube fibres, which exhibits notable specific capacity over 1100 and 500mAh/g at a discharge current density of 25 mA/g and 5 A/g, respectively, withcoulombic efficiency of 97.5 %. Combined with 97 % capacity retention after1500 cycles at a current density of 5 A/g, both capacity and stability aresignificantly above literature data. Detailed investigations involvingelectrochemical and in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering study reveal thatduring galvanostatic cycling, MnO2 undergoes an irreversible phase transitionto LiMnO2, which stores lithium through an intercalation process, followed byconversion mechanism and pseudocapacitive processes. This mechanism is furtherconfirmed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thefraction of pseudocapacitive charge storage ranges from 27% to 83%, for currentdensities from 25 mA/g to 5 A/g. Firm attachment of the active material to thebuilt-in current collector makes the electrodes flexible and mechanicallyrobust, and ensures that the low charge transfer resistance and the highelectrode surface area remain after irreversible phase transition of the activematerial and extensive cycling.

High Rate Hybrid MnO2@CNT Fabric Anode for Li-Ion Batteries: Properties and Lithium Storage Mechanism by In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering