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Liquid suspensions of carbon nanotubes, graphene and transition metaldichalcogenides have exhibited excellent performance in optical limiting.However, the underlying mechanism has remained elusive and is generallyascribed to their superior nonlinear optical properties such as nonlinearabsorption or nonlinear scattering. Using graphene as an example, we show thatphoto-thermal microbubbles are responsible for the optical limiting as stronglight scattering centers: graphene sheets absorb incident light and becomeheated up above the boiling point of water, resulting in vapor and microbubblegeneration. This conclusion is based on direct observation of bubbles above thelaser beam as well as a strong correlation between laser-induced ultrasound andoptical limiting. In-situ Raman scattering of graphene further confirms thatthe temperature of graphene under laser pulses rises above the boiling point ofwater but still remains too low to vaporize graphene and create graphene plasmabubbles. Photo-thermal bubble scattering is not a nonlinear optical process andrequires very low laser intensity. This understanding helps us to design moreefficient optical limiting materials and understand the intrinsic nonlinearoptical properties of nanomaterials.

nanoscale

Photoacoustic Identification of Laser-induced Microbubbles as Light  Scattering Centers for Optical Limiting in Liquid Suspension of Graphene  Nanosheets