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Imaging the dynamics and behaviors of plasma membranes is at the leading edge of life science research. We report here the development of a universal red-fluorescent probe Chol-PEG-Cy5 for wash-free plasma membrane labelling both in vitro and in vivo . In aqueous solutions, the fluorescence of Chol-PEG-Cy5 is significantly quenched due to the intermolecular resonance energy transfer (RET) between neighbouring Cy5 moieties; however, upon membrane anchoring, the probes undergo lateral diffusion in lipid bilayers, resulting in weakened RET and turn-on fluorescence emission. We demonstrate that Chol-PEG-Cy5 enables rapid, stable and high-quality in vitro cell surface imaging in a variety of mammalian cells. Additionally, with the assistance of three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction, we achieve for the first time the whole-mount in situ fluorescence imaging of the epidermal cell surfaces of live zebrafish embryos, which cannot be realized by conventional plasma membrane probes due to the presence of the surface-covering mucus barrier. This novel technique encourages us to track the cellular dynamics of the epidermis during embryonic development with 3D visualization. Moreover, we also develop a new method to evaluate the epidermal toxicity of nanomaterials ( e.g. , gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide nanosheets) toward zebrafish embryos using this fluorescent probe.

Efficient cell surface labelling of live zebrafish embryos: wash-free fluorescence imaging for cellular dynamics tracking and nanotoxicity evaluation