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In this work, a novel Fe-modified coconut shell biochar (Fe-CSB) was synthesized and utilized to remove phosphate from aqueous solution. Characterization results confirmed that the iron in the Fe(iii)-impregnated CSB existed mainly in the amorphous phase, as ferrihydrite and amorphous hydroxide, which substantially enhanced the phosphate adsorption. Batch experiments indicated that phosphate adsorption on the Fe-CSB was highly dependent on the pH, the humic acid, and temperature, while it was less affected by the nitrate. Phosphate adsorption by the CSB and Fe-CSB could be well described by the pseudo n -th order and Langmuir-Freundlich models. The fitting of the experimental data with the intra-particle diffusion model revealed that surface adsorption and inner-sphere diffusion were involved in the phosphate adsorption process, and that the latter was the rate-controlling step. Batch adsorption experiments and post-adsorption characterization results revealed that the phosphate adsorption by Fe-CSB was primarily governed by four mechanisms: ligand exchange, electrostatic attraction, chemical precipitation, and inner-sphere complexation. This work demonstrated that the modified Fe-CSB is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective bioretention medium and could open up new pathways for the removal of phosphorus from stormwater, as well as solve the problem of waste biomass pollution.

Enhanced phosphate sequestration by Fe(iii) modified biochar derived from coconut shell