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As the biological recognition element of microbial fuel cell (MFC) toxicity "shock" sensors, the electrode biofilm is perceived to be the crucial issue that determines the sensing performance. A carbon felt and indium tin oxide (ITO) film anode were utilized to examine the effects of anodic biofilm microstructure on MFC toxicity sensor performance, with Pb 2+ as the target toxicant. The carbon felt anode based MFC (CF-MFC) established a linear relationship of Pb 2+ concentration ( C  Pb 2+  ) vs. voltage inhibition ratio (IR 2h ) at a C  Pb 2+  range of 0.1 mg L -1 to 1.2 mg L -1 . The highest IR 2h was only 38% for CF-MFC. An ITO anode based MFC (ITO-MFC) also revealed a linear relationship between C  Pb 2+  and IR 2h at C  Pb 2+  of 0.1 mg L -1 to 1.5 mg L -1 but better sensing sensitivity compared with the CF-MFC. The IR 2h of ITO-MFC gradually approached 100% as C  Pb 2+  further increased. The enhanced sensing sensitivity for the ITO anode possibly originated from the thin biofilm that resulted in the efficient exposure of exoelectrogens to Pb 2+ . The employment of 2D conductive metal oxide with a smooth surface as the anode was able to increase the MFC sensing reliability in real wastewater.

Enhanced detection of toxicity in wastewater using a 2D smooth anode based microbial fuel cell toxicity sensor