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Nanostructured photoelectrodes with a high surface area and tunable optical and electrical properties can potentially benefit a photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting system. The PEC performance of a nanostructured photoelectrode is usually quantified in a standard three-electrode configuration under potential-assisted conditions because of the additional overpotentials for the two half-reactions of water splitting. However, it is a necessity to fully recognize their potential to split water under unassisted conditions by designing a tandem cell that can provide sufficient voltage to split water. Herein, we present a tandem cell consisting of carbon-modified cuprous oxide (C/Cu 2 O) nanoneedles and oxygen-deficient titanium dioxide (TiO 2- x  ) nanorods for unassisted solar water splitting. The synthesized photoelectrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The tandem cell performance was analyzed by measuring the current-voltage responses in various photoelectrode configurations to validate the collective contributions of both photoelectrodes to unassisted solar water splitting. The PEC properties of C/Cu 2 O nanoneedles coupled with TiO 2- x  nanorods in a tandem configuration exhibited a photocurrent density of 64.7 μA cm -2 in the absence of any redox mediator and external bias. This photocurrent density can be further enhanced with an application of external bias. Moreover, the heterojunction formed by the above-mentioned nanostructured photoelectrodes in intimate contact and in the absence of water exhibited 2 μA cm -2 UV photoresponsivity at 1.5 V with promising rectifying characteristics of a diode.

rsc advances

Photoelectrochemical study of carbon-modified p-type Cu<sub>2</sub>O nanoneedles and n-type TiO<sub>2−x</sub> nanorods for Z-scheme solar water splitting in a tandem cell configuration

Photoelectrochemical study of carbon-modified p-type Cu2O nanoneedles and n-type TiO2−x nanorods for Z-scheme solar water splitting in a tandem cell configuration

Photoelectrochemical study of carbon-modified p-type Cu₂O nanoneedles and n-type TiO_2−x nanorods for Z-scheme solar water splitting in a tandem cell configuration