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Measuring the transient photoelectric signals (photovoltage or photocurrent) after optically perturbing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) can provide information about electron transport and recombination. Herein, the energetic distribution of trap states in different working areas of DSSCs (0.16 cm 2  vs. 1 cm 2 ) and their impacts on charge transport and recombination were investigated by means of time-resolved charge extraction (TRCE), transient photovoltage (TPV) and transient photocurrent (TPC) measurements. The results indicated that increasing the working area deepened the energetic distribution of trap states ( i.e. , increased the mean characteristic energy k  B  T  0 ), which hindered the electron transport within the photoanode, accelerated the electron recombination in high voltage regions, and reduced the charge collection efficiency. All abovementioned are the inherent reasons why the J  SC in larger working area cells is significantly smaller than that in smaller area cells (11.58 mA cm -2  vs. 17.17 mA cm -2 ). More importantly, as the investigation of high-efficiency large area solar cells is currently a promising research topic for new solar cells, we describe the importance of photoanode optimization to achieve high-efficiency DSSCs with large working area by improving charge collection efficiency.

Working area effects on the energetic distribution of trap states and charge dynamics of dye-sensitized solar cells