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The design of ultrafine NiMoO  x  nanoparticles (NPs) confined in hierarchically porous carbon remains a great challenge due to its high calcination temperature. In addition, the composition of active sites of NiMoO  x  NPs for the hydrogenation reaction is still ambiguous. Herein, we report a general approach for the synthesis of ultrafine NiMoO  x  NPs confined in mesoporous carbon with different morphologies and compositions using the replication method with SBA-15 as a hard template. The pore structure of mesoporous carbon and the Ni/Mo composition valence-state were discovered to be the main factors in the reduction of nitroarenes. The NiMoO  x  /mesoporous carbon-platelet (NiMoO  x  /MC-PL) with short mesochannels (∼350 nm) and high surface area (∼995 m 2 g -1 ) possessed excellent catalytic activity towards the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, whereas NiMoO  x  /mesoporous carbon-hexagonal-prism (NiMoO  x  /MC-HP), NiMoO  x  /mesoporous carbon-long-rod (NiMoO  x  /MC-LR), and NiMoO  x  /mesoporous carbon-spherical (NiMoO  x  /MC-SP) with long mesochannels and relatively less surface area exhibited poor catalytic performance. The bifunctional mechanism or electronic synergistic effects of Ni and Mo species enhanced their catalytic performance. A good balance between MoO  x  and metallic Ni (NiMoO  x  /MC-PL-450) was found to be suitable for the reduction of 4-NP.

rsc advances

Ultrafine NiMoO<sub>x</sub> nanoparticles confined in mesoporous carbon for the reduction of nitroarenes: effect of the composition and accessibility of the active sites

Ultrafine NiMoOx nanoparticles confined in mesoporous carbon for the reduction of nitroarenes: effect of the composition and accessibility of the active sites

Ultrafine NiMoO_x nanoparticles confined in mesoporous carbon for the reduction of nitroarenes: effect of the composition and accessibility of the active sites