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For the first time, a novel analytical method based on a paper based enzymatic biosensor assisted by digital image processing and first-order multivariate calibration has been reported for rapid determination of nitrate in food samples. The platform of the biosensor includes a piece of Whatman filter paper impregnated with Griess reagent (3-nitroaniline, 1-naphthylamine and hydrochloric acid) and nitrate reductase. After dropping a distinct volume of nitrate solution onto the biosensor surface, nitrate reductase selectively reduces nitrate to nitrite and then the Griess reagent selectively reacts with nitrite to produce a red colored azo dye. Therefore, the color intensity of the produced azo dye is correlated with nitrate concentration. After image capture, the images were processed and digitized in the MATLAB environment by the use of an image processing toolbox and the vectors produced by the digital image processing step were used as inputs of the first-order multivariate calibration algorithms. Several multivariate calibration algorithms and pre-processing techniques have been used to build multivariate calibration models for verifying which technique offers the best predictions towards nitrate concentrations in synthetic samples and the best algorithm has been chosen for nitrate determination in potato, onion, carrot, cabbage and lettuce samples as real cases.

rsc advances

Developing a novel paper-based enzymatic biosensor assisted by digital image processing and first-order multivariate calibration for rapid determination of nitrate in food samples