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ZnO–ZnS 1D hetero-nanostructures were prepared by an easy and scalable processing route. It consists of ZnO nanorod electrodeposition on ITO substrate and surface sulfidation by ion exchange in an aqueous Na2S solution. Increasing the treatment contact time (tc) from 8 to 48 h involves different ZnS growth mechanisms leading to different structural and microstructural rod characteristics, even if the overall size does not change significantly. Grazing X-ray diffraction, high-resolution microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy describe the outer surface layer as a poly- and nanocrystalline ZnS blende shell whose thickness and roughness increase with tc. The ZnO wurtzite–ZnS blende interface goes from continuous and dense, at short tc, to discontinuous and porous at long tc, indicating that ZnS formation proceeds in a more complex way than a simple S2−/O2− ion exchange over the treatment time. This feature has significant consequences for the photoelectrochemical performance of these materials when they are used as photoanodes in a typical light-assisted water splitting experiment. A photocurrent (Jp) fluctuation of 45% for less than 5 min of operation is observed for the sample prepared with a long sulfidation time while it does not exceed 15% for that obtained with a short one, underlining the importance of the material processing conditions on the preparation of valuable photoanodes.

rsc advances

The structural and the photoelectrochemical properties of ZnO–ZnS/ITO 1D hetero-junctions prepared by tandem electrodeposition and surface sulfidation: on the material processing limits