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We report the development of redox-active conjugated polymers with potentialapplication to electrochemical energy storage. Side chain engineering enablesprocessing of the polymer electrodes from solution, stability in aqueouselectrolytes and efficient transport of ionic and electronic charge carriers.We synthesized a 3,3' dialkoxybithiophene homo polymer (p type polymer) withglycol side chains and prepared naphthalene1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic-diimide-dialkoxybithiophene (NDI gT2) copolymers (ntype polymer) with either a glycol or zwitterionic side chain on the NDI unit.For the latter, we developed a post-functionalization synthesis to attach thepolar zwitterion side chains to the polymer backbone to avoid challenges ofpurifying polar intermediates. We demonstrate fast and reversible charging ofsolution processed electrodes for both the p- and n type polymers in aqueouselectrolytes, without using additives or porous scaffolds and for films up tomicrometers thick. We apply spectroelectrochemistry as an in operando techniqueto probe the state of charge of the electrodes. This reveals that thin films ofthe p-type polymer and zwitterion n-type polymer can be charged reversibly withup to two electronic charges per repeat unit (bipolaron formation). We combinethin films of these polymers in a two-electrode cell and demonstrate outputvoltages of up to 1.4 V with high redox stability. Our findings demonstrate thepotential of functionalizing conjugated polymers with appropriate polar sidechains to improve specific capacity, reversibility and rate capabilities ofpolymer electrodes in aqueous electrolytes.

energy and environmental science

Design and evaluation of conjugated polymers with polar side chains as  electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage in aqueous  electrolytes