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Photocatalyzed synthesis by using SnO2 as a photocatalyst is a green and alternative approach. Here, a nanocomposite of SnO2–Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was prepared by a stepwise photocatalyzed approach. HRTEM shows that SnO2 and AgNPs were attached along the lattice matching each other and both of them were anchored upon RGO. Under UV irradiation, photo-excited holes from SnO2 were scavenged by ethanol while electrons were accumulated at the side of SnO2, leading to the reduction of both graphene oxide (GO) and Ag+. Here, SnO2 and metal Ag formed a heterostructure, and RGO played the dual role of conductor and support. During UV irradiation, the (101) facet of SnO2 offered a preferential growth direction for the (111) facet of AgNPs with an interfacial angle of 118°, which can be attributed to their similar D-spacings. A unique morphology of a combination of two semi-spheres was established. The energy-band structure of the composite was characterized to understand its mechanism of electrocatalysis. Owing to the difference between their binding energy in the heterostructure, electrons in AgNPs are transferred into SnO2, inducing AgNPs with positive charge and facilitating the redox of ractopamine (RAC). Under the optimal experimental conditions, a linear relationship between the relative amperometric response to RAC ranges from 5.0 × 10−8 to 5.5 × 10−6 M while the lower limit of detection reaches 2 × 10−8 M (S/N = 3.0).

Ag–SnO2 nano-heterojunction–reduced graphene oxide by a stepwise photocatalyzed approach and its application in ractopamine determination

Ag–SnO₂ nano-heterojunction–reduced graphene oxide by a stepwise photocatalyzed approach and its application in ractopamine determination