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A number of inorganic carbonaceous materials (activated carbon, high surface area graphite and graphenic materials) have been used as supports of Ru nanoparticles in order to determine their catalytic properties in the base-free aqueous-phase oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). In particular, we have studied in detail reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide (NrGO), which are the support materials that produce more selective ruthenium catalysts. Also the effects of different metal precursors used in the preparation of the Ru nanocrystallites have been evaluated. Both support materials and Ru catalysts were characterized by elemental analysis, nitrogen physisorption (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The point of zero charge (PZC) for the graphenic materials was also determined. Interestingly the different supports significantly modify the catalytic performances, the graphenic materials being those that under our experimental reaction conditions produce the highest selectivity to FDCA. On these supports (rGO and NrGO) the highest HMF conversion was achieved by using triruthenium dodecacarbonyl as the ruthenium precursor. For the improved catalyst, Ru supported on NrGO, the yield of FDCA becomes close to 80%. This catalyst has been reused several times with neither loss of activity nor modification in selectivity values. Characterization data indicate these catalytic results can be correlated to the basic properties of the NrGO support as well as to the surface properties of Ru nanoparticles. These findings indicated that the metal precursor and the surface functional groups exposed on the support can modulate the catalytic properties, in particular amending the selectivity towards FDCA production.

Direct catalytic effect of nitrogen functional groups exposed on graphenic materials when acting cooperatively with Ru nanoparticles