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Nano-dispersed Fe0 and Fe3O4 on reduced graphene oxide (Fe0/Fe3O4-RGO) was prepared and characterized. The prepared Fe0/Fe3O4-RGO was used as a magnetically separable Fenton-like catalyst and showed superior catalytic activity compared to Fe3O4-RGO and Fe3O4 as well as other Fenton-like catalysts for the removal of phenol. The Fe0/Fe3O4-RGO achieved 100% removal efficiency for phenol within 30 min. Free radical inhibition experiments and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) showed that the main reactive species was ˙OH rather than FeIV. High resolution TEM results revealed that nanoscale Fe0 and Fe3O4 were uniformly dispersed and distributed on RGO without agglomeration, furnishing more active sites. The catalyst featured a unique mechanism of electron transfer-facilitated regeneration of active Fe2+ by nano-dispersed iron/graphene. RGO served as an effective mediator to facilitate the electron transfer from Fe0 to Fe3+ for the regeneration of Fe2+, which was critical in the catalytic process. This electron transfer-facilitated regeneration of active Fe2+ resulted in a reusable catalyst with high catalytic activity for the removal of phenol. The nano-dispersed Fe0/Fe3O4-RGO could be easily separated and recovered by magnetic field. The Fe0/Fe3O4-RGO catalyst was reusable and the removal efficiency of phenol after 5 catalytic cycles was as high as 93%. The Fe0/Fe3O4-RGO could be an effective Fenton-like catalyst for the treatment of waste water containing refractory phenol and phenol type pollutants.

rsc advances

Unveiling the mechanism of electron transfer facilitated regeneration of active Fe<sup>2+</sup> by nano-dispersed iron/graphene catalyst for phenol removal

Unveiling the mechanism of electron transfer facilitated regeneration of active Fe2+ by nano-dispersed iron/graphene catalyst for phenol removal

Unveiling the mechanism of electron transfer facilitated regeneration of active Fe²⁺ by nano-dispersed iron/graphene catalyst for phenol removal