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In this work, we firstly propose and confirm a novel coordination matrix/signal amplifier strategy to construct a highly sensitive lead(II) electrochemical sensor. Lead(II) ions can be efficiently accumulated and deposited on the electrode surface by strong coordination bonds between the unoccupied d-orbital of lead(II) ions and conjugated π-electron backbones of polyfurfural film (coordination matrix), and then the anodic stripping current can be significantly enhanced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, signal amplifier), finally realizing the highly sensitive determination of lead(II). The polyfurfural film/MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) sensor provided a wide linear detection range from 0.05 to 10 μg L−1 and a low detection limit of 0.01 μg L−1 (S/N = 3) for lead(II). Compared with a classical mercury film sensor (a classical and effective method for determining heavy metal ions), our proposed sensor was more sensitive and achieved better results. Moreover, based on the coordination matrix/signal amplifier strategy, the polyfurfural film/MWCNTs/GCE sensor was further successfully utilized for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+, demonstrating a wide linear detection range for Cd2+ (0.5–15 μg L−1), Pb2+ (0.1–15 μg L−1), Cu2+ (0.1–12 μg L−1), and Hg2+ (1.5–12 μg L−1) and a low detection limit for Cd2+ (0.03 μg L−1, S/N = 3), Pb2+ (0.01 μg L−1, S/N = 3), Cu2+ (0.06 μg L−1, S/N = 3), and Hg2+ (0.1 μg L−1, S/N = 3). Finally, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to simultaneously determine Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ in real tap water samples. This work provides a novel and effective analytical strategy for constructing novel electrochemical sensors and shows broad application prospects in heavy metal ion determination for the future.

rsc advances

Coordination matrix/signal amplifier strategy for simultaneous electrochemical determination of cadmium(<scp>ii</scp>), lead(<scp>ii</scp>), copper(<scp>ii</scp>), and mercury(<scp>ii</scp>) ions based on polyfurfural film/multi-walled carbon nanotube modified electrode

Coordination matrix/signal amplifier strategy for simultaneous electrochemical determination of cadmium(ii), lead(ii), copper(ii), and mercury(ii) ions based on polyfurfural film/multi-walled carbon nanotube modified electrode