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A green and clean approach that requires low energy and avoids the use of any toxic or corrosive reagents/solvents for the synthesis of potential fullerenol moieties [C60(OH)n·mH2O] was proposed in this investigation, in which pristine fullerene (C60) in dil. H2O2 (30%) aqueous media was ultrasonicated (20 kHz, 200 W) at 30% amplitude for 1 h. The attachment of hydroxyl groups (–OH) was investigated via FTIR and the quantification of –OH groups attached to the C60 cage was conducted via elemental analysis. The number of secondary bound water molecules (mH2O) with each fullerenol molecule [C60(OH)n] was measured via TGA, and the estimated average structure of fullerenol was calculated to be C60(OH)8·2H2O. The synthesized fullerenol was moderately soluble in water and DMSO. Furthermore, the size of the synthesized C60(OH)8·2H2O particles determined by both AFM and DLS analysis was found to be in the range of 135–155 nm. The proposed ultrasound-assisted acoustic cavitation technique encompasses a one-step facile reaction strategy, requires less time for the reaction, and reduces the number of solvents required for the separation and purification of C60(OH)8·2H2O, which could be scalable for the commercial synthesis of fullerenol moieties in the future.

rsc advances

Hydration or hydroxylation: direct synthesis of fullerenol from pristine fullerene [C<sub>60</sub>] via acoustic cavitation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

Hydration or hydroxylation: direct synthesis of fullerenol from pristine fullerene [C60] via acoustic cavitation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

Hydration or hydroxylation: direct synthesis of fullerenol from pristine fullerene [C₆₀] via acoustic cavitation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide