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Hydrophobic, long-chain tetraalkylphosphonium acetate salts (ionic liquids) were combined with a dipolar aprotic co-solvent, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and the feasibility of these solvent systems for cellulose dissolution and regeneration was studied. A 60 : 40 w/w mixture of the ionic liquid tetraoctylphosphonium acetate ([P8888][OAc]) and DMSO was found to dissolve up to 8 wt% cellulose, whilst trioctyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium acetate ([P14888][OAc]) dissolved up to 3 wt% cellulose. Water (an anti-solvent for cellulose) was found to give rise to biphasic liquid–liquid systems when combined with these mixtures, yielding an upper phase rich in ionic liquid and a lower aqueous phase. The liquid–liquid equilibria of the ternary systems were experimentally determined, finding that DMSO strongly partitioned towards the aqueous phase. Thus, a process scheme involving simultaneous regeneration of cellulose and recycling of the solvent system was envisioned, and demonstrated on a large scale using [P8888][OAc]. A large portion of the ionic liquid (ca. 60 wt%) was directly recovered via phase separation, with a further 37 wt% being recovered from the swollen cellulose phase and residual materials, bringing recovery to 97%. XRD analysis of the recovered cellulose materials showed a loss of crystallinity and conversion from Cellulose I to Cellulose II. Non-dissolving compositions of ionic liquid and DMSO did not affect cellulose crystallinity after cellulose pulp treatment.

Efficiency of hydrophobic phosphonium ionic liquids and DMSO as recyclable cellulose dissolution and regeneration media