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Particulate air pollution results from different sources, among which thoserelated to road traffic have a significant impact on human health.Combustion-derived particles emitted by thermal engines have been incriminatedand are now better controlled. In contrast, non-exhaust emission sourcesrelated to car wear and degradation processes are not yet regulated. Here wereport on brake wear particles (BWP) harvested in two test facilities operatingin France, providing samples from different braking systems and driving/testingconditions. Using a combination of light scattering, X-ray fluorescence,optical and electron microscopy, the particle size and elemental compositionare revealed. The BWP are shown to be in the nano- to micrometer range and tohave a low carbonaceous content (6%), iron and copper being the main components(> 40%). To evaluate the toxicity potential of its nano-sized fraction, brakewear nanoparticles are isolated by sonication, filtration andultra-centrifugation techniques, leading to stable colloidal dispersions. Asignificant outcome of this study is that the nano-sized fraction represents26% by mass of the initial BWP. Human bronchial epithelial cells (Calu-3) areused as relevant target cells to investigate their cytotoxicity. We observe aclear short-term loss of viability associated to reactive oxygen speciesgeneration, but with limited pro-inflammatory effects. On an actualcell-deposited mass-dose basis, the cytotoxicity of the nanosized fraction issimilar to that of BWP, suggesting that the cytotoxicity is particle sizeindependent. To conclude, brake wear dust contains substantial amount ofmetallic nanoparticles exhibiting toxicity for lung cells, and should warrantfurther consideration.

Brake wear (nano)particle characterization and toxicity on airway epithelial cells in vitro