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In this study, a specifically-designed aggregation-induced emission fluorogen (AIEgen) with nanoparticle aggregates was used to quantitatively evaluate the bioaccumulation of Hg2+ and visualize Hg2+ kinetics in vivo within the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis for the first time. Quantitative results showed that a sharp drop in Hg2+ concentration occurred at the very beginning in the medium containing rotifers and Hg2+, showing a quick initial uptake of Hg2+ by the rotifers, and then the concentration in the medium plateaued after 5 min. With an increase in rotifer density, the amount of bioaccumulation increased in the rotifer. However, the bioaccumulation efficiency of Hg2+ decreased from 5.28 μg mg−1 h−1 at a low rotifer density of 0.093 mg ml−1 to 2.61 μg mg−1 h−1 at a high rotifer density of 0.375 mg mL−1. Moreover, the fluorescence images and spectra results illustrate that the ingestion of Hg2+ by the rotifer was via its mouth surrounded by the ciliary corona to the digestive tract, and Hg2+ could not permeate into the body integument through diffusion during the study period. Hg2+-induced fluorescence in rotifers dissipated in 6 h after staining, possibly through defecation and excretion. This study indicates that inorganic mercury can be quickly ingested by a rotifer via feeding, but is unlikely deposited as methylated mercury in rotifer tissues.

environmental science. nano

Quantitative evaluation and in vivo visualization of mercury ion bioaccumulation in rotifers by novel aggregation-induced emission fluorogen nanoparticles