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Kinesin superfamily protein UNC-104, a member of the kinesin-3 family,transports synaptic vesicle precursors (SVPs). In this study, the number ofactive UNC-104 molecules hauling a single SVP in axons in the wormCaenorhabditis elegans was counted by applying a newly developed non-invasiveforce measurement technique. The distribution of the force acting on a SVPtransported by UNC-104 was spread out over several clusters, implying thepresence of several force-producing units (FPUs). We then compared the numberof FPUs in the wild-type worms with that in arl-8 gene-deletion mutant worms.ARL-8 is a SVP-bound arf-like small guanosine triphosphatase, and is known topromote unlocking of the autoinhibition of the motor, which is critical foravoiding unnecessary consumption of adenosine triphosphate when the motor doesnot bind to a SVP. There were fewer FPUs in the arl-8 mutant worms. Thisfinding indicates that a lack of ARL-8 decreased the number of active UNC-104motors, which then led to a decrease in the number of motors responsible forSVP transport.

Non-invasive force measurement reveals the number of active kinesins on a synaptic vesicle precursor in axonal transport regulated by ARL-8