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Manganese oxide presents very promising electrochemical properties as an electrode material in supercapacitors, but there remain important open questions to guide further development of the complex manganese oxide/carbon/electrolyte system. Our work addresses specifically the influence of carbon ordering and the difference between outer and inner porosity of carbon particles for the application in aqueous 1 M Na2SO4 and 1 M LiClO4 in acetonitrile. Birnessite-type manganese oxide was hydrothermally hybridized on two kinds of carbon onions with only outer surface area and different electrical conductivity, and conventional activated carbon with a high inner porosity. Carbon onions with a high degree of carbon ordering, high conductivity, and high outer surface area were identified as the most promising material, yielding 179 F g−1. Pore blocking in activated carbon yields unfavorable electrochemical performances. The highest specific energy of 16.4 W h kg−1 was measured for a symmetric full-cell arrangement of manganese oxide coated high temperature carbon onions in the organic electrolyte. High stability during 10 000 cycles was achieved for asymmetric full-cells, which proved as a facile way to enhance the electrochemical performance stability.

Influence of carbon substrate on the electrochemical performance of carbon/manganese oxide hybrids in aqueous and organic electrolytes