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Bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGN) are promising materials for a number of biomedical applications. Many\udparameters related to the synthesis of BGN using sol–gel methods can affect their characteristics. In this\udstudy, the influence of timing of calcium nitrate (calcium precursor) addition during processing on BGN\udcharacteristics was investigated. The results showed that the addition timing could affect the\udmorphology, dispersity and composition of BGN. With delayed addition of calcium nitrate, larger, more\udregular and better dispersed BGN could be synthesized while the gap between nominal and actual\udcompositions of BGN was widened. However, the addition timing had no significant influence on\udstructural characteristics, as BGN with different addition-timing of calcium nitrate exhibited similar\udinfrared spectra and amorphous nature. The results also suggested that monodispersed BGN could be\udsynthesized by carefully controlling the addition of calcium nitrate. The synthesized monodispersed BGN\udcould release Si and Ca ions continuously for up to at least 14 days. They also showed in vitro bioactivity\udand non-cytotoxicity towards rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). In\udconclusion, the timing of calcium precursor addition is an essential parameter to be considered when\udproducing BGN which should exhibit monodisperse characteristics for biomedical applicationsPeer reviewe

Timing of calcium nitrate addition affects morphology, dispersity and composition of bioactive glass nanoparticles