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While the risk management of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) receives significant attention,\udthere is still a limited understanding of how to select optimal risk management measures (RMMs)\udfor controlling and mitigating the risks associated with exposure to ENMs. Clearly, there exists a\udneed to expand current risk management practices to ensure safe production, handling and use of\udENMs. Moreover, the performance of the existing RMMs should be re-evaluated for ENMs since\udcontrol options that are proven to be effective for preventing or limiting risks associated with\udtraditional particles might give unsatisfactory results in the case of nano-scale particles. This paper\udhas brought together the evidence on the adequacy of traditional controls to minimize potential\udhealth and environmental risks resulting from exposure to ENMs. The aim here is to advance our\udunderstanding of the risk management approaches relevant for ENMs, and ultimately to support the\udselection of the most suitable RMMs when handling ENMs. To that end, evaluative evidence\udcollected from the review of relevant literature and survey of nanotechnology institutions are\udcombined and summarised to understand the level of protection offered by each control measure, as\udwell as the relative costs of their implementation. The findings suggest that most relevant risk\udcontrol options are based on isolating people from hazard through engineering measures (e.g.\udventilation and chemical fume hoods) or personal protective equipment (PPE), rather than\udeliminating hazard at source (e.g. substitution). Although control measures related to the\udmodification of ENMs have high efficiency in the occupational risk control hierarchy, they are not\udwidely employed since there is currently a high degree of uncertainty regarding the impact of\udmanipulating nano-characteristics on the performance of final product. Lastly, despite its low cost,\udPPE is the least effective category in the occupational risk control hierarchy and should not be used\udon its own when significant risk reduction is required. Clearly, further quantitative data is needed to\udfully assess the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of risk control options to prevent risks from\udexposure to ENMs. When there is little information on the efficiency of control measures specific to\udENMs, the default efficiencies can be used for initial assessment purposes although it should not be\udconsidered exhaustive

Evaluation of existing control measures in reducing health and safety risks of engineered nanomaterials