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The precise arrangement of microscopic objects is critical to the developmentof functional materials and ornately patterned surfaces. Here, we present anacoustics-based method for the rapid arrangement of microscopic particles intoorganized and programmable architectures, which are periodically spaced withina square assembly chamber. This macroscale device employs two-dimensional bulkacoustic standing waves to propel particles along the base of the chambertoward pressure nodes or antinodes, depending on the acoustic contrast factorof the particle, and is capable of simultaneously creating thousands ofsize-limited, isotropic and anisotropic assemblies within minutes. We pairexperiments with Brownian dynamics simulations to model the migration kineticsand assembly patterns of spherical microparticles. We use these insights topredict and subsequently validate the onset of buckling of the assemblies intothree-dimensional clusters by experiments upon increasing the acoustic pressureamplitude and the particle concentration. The simulations are also used toinform our experiments for the assembly of non-spherical particles, which arethen recovered via fluid evaporation and directly inspected by electronmicroscopy. This method for assembly of particles offers several notableadvantages over other approaches (e.g., magnetics, electrokinetics and opticaltweezing) including simplicity, speed and scalability and can also be used inconcert with other such approaches for enhancing the types of assembliesachievable.

Highly Parallel Acoustic Assembly of Microparticles into Well-Ordered Colloidal Crystallites