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We report an in-vivo electromechanical Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) study ofcharge distribution on the cell wall of Gram plus Rhodococcus wratislaviensisbacteria, naturally adherent to a glass substrate, in physiological conditions.The method presented in this paper relies on a detailed study of AFMapproach-retract curves giving the variation of the interaction force versusdistance between tip and sample. In addition to classical height and mechanical(as stiffness) data, mapping of local electrical properties, as bacterialsurface charge, was proved to be feasible at a spatial resolution better thanfew tens of nanometers. This innovative method relies on the measurement of thecantilever's surface stress through its deflection far from (higher than 10nm)the repulsive contact zone. The variations of surface stress come frommodification of electrical surface charge of the cantilever (as in classicalelectrocapillary measurements) likely stemming from its charging during contactof both tip and sample electrical double layers. This method offers animportant improvement in local electrical and electrochemical measurements atthe solid-liquid interface particularly in high-molarity electrolytes whencompared to technics focused on the direct use of electrostatic force. It thusopens a new way to directly investigate in-situ biological electrical surfaceprocesses involved in numerous practical and fundamental problems as bacterialadhesion, biofilm formation, microbial fuel cell, etc.

An in-vivo study of electrical charge distribution on the bacterial cell wall by Atomic Force Microscopy in vibrating force mode