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The effect of dispersion of Fe/Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles in sulfonated single-walled carbon nanohorns (SO(3)H/SWCNHs) on their catalytic activity for the esterification of palmitic acid was investigated. A gas-injected arc-in-water (GI-AIW) method was employed to initially synthesize SWCNHs dispersed with iron nanoparticles (Fe-SWCNHs). The Fe-loading amount in the Fe-SWCNHs was varied by changing the number of Fe wires inserted in an anode. The results showed that Fe-loading amount proportionally increased from 6 to 13 wt% with an increase in the number of Fe wires. The surfaces of the Fe-SWCNHs were functionalized with acid functional groups by two sequential steps: impregnation of sulphuric acid and calcination in air. From the characterization results, their acid site concentrations were estimated to be 5.6–8.5 mmol g(−1), suggesting that the catalyst was a solid superacid catalyst. XRD analyses indicated that most of the Fe was transformed to α-Fe(2)O(3). The catalytic activity of the SO(3)H/Fe-SWCNHs for the esterification of palmitic acid was evaluated to investigate the influence of the Fe-loading on their catalytic activity. The results showed that the yield of methyl palmitate was significantly enhanced by an increase in the Fe-loading amount. It was discovered that the catalytic activity and the magnetic susceptibility of SO(3)H/Fe-SWCNHs can be preserved during repeated use, if the Fe-loading amount is large enough

green chemistry

Effect of Fe/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> loading on the catalytic activity of sulfonated single-walled carbon nanohorns for the esterification of palmitic acid

Effect of Fe/Fe2O3 loading on the catalytic activity of sulfonated single-walled carbon nanohorns for the esterification of palmitic acid

Effect of Fe/Fe₂O₃ loading on the catalytic activity of sulfonated single-walled carbon nanohorns for the esterification of palmitic acid