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A simple route towards nanostructured mesoporous Indium-Tin Oxide ( templated nano-ITO ) electrodes exhibiting both high conductivities and optimized bicontinuous pore-solid network is reported. The ITO films are first produced as an X-ray-amorphous, high surface area material, by adapting recently established template-directed sol-gel methods using Sn(IV) and In(III) salts. Carefully controlled temperature/atmosphere treatments convert the as-synthesized ITO films into nano-crystalline coatings with the cubic bixbyite structure. Specially, a multi-layered synthesis was successfully undertaken for tuning the film thickness. In order to evaluate the performances of templated nano-ITO as an electrode substrate for photoelectrochemical applications, photoelectrodes were prepared by covalent grafting of a redox-active dye, the complex [Ru(bpy) 2 (4,4'-(CH 2 PO 3 H 2 ) 2 -bpy)]Cl 2  1 (bpy=bipyridine). Surface coverage was shown to increase with the film thickness, from 0.7 × 10 -9 mol.cm -2 (one layer, 45 nm) to 3.5 × 10 -9 mol.cm -2 (ten layers, 470 nm), the latter value being ~ 100 times larger than that for commercially available planar ITO. In the presence of an electron mediator, photocurrents up to 50 μA.cm -2 have been measured under visible light irradiation, demonstrating the potential of this new templated nano-ITO preparation for the construction of efficient photoelectrochemical devices.

Dye-sensitized nanostructured crystalline mesoporous tin-doped indium oxide films with tunable thickness for photoelectrochemical applications