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The telescopic conversion of glucose to fructose and then 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), the latter a potential, bio-derived platform chemical feedstock, has been explored over a family of bifunctional sulfated zirconia catalysts possessing tuneable acid–base properties. Characterisation by acid–base titration, XPS, XRD and Raman reveal that submonolayer SO4 coverages offer the ideal balance of basic and Lewis–Bronsted acid sites required to respectively isomerise glucose to fructose, and subsequently dehydrate fructose to 5-HMF. A constant acid site normalised turnover frequency is observed for fructose dehydration to 5-HMF, confirming a common Bronsted acid site is responsible for this transformation.

Bifunctional SO4/ZrO2catalysts for 5-hydroxymethylfufural (5-HMF) production from glucose

Bifunctional SO₄/ZrO₂catalysts for 5-hydroxymethylfufural (5-HMF) production from glucose