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Particle settling is a pervasive process in nature, and centrifugation is amuch versatile separation technique. Yet, the results of settling andultracentrifugation experiments often appear to contradict the very law onwhich they are based: Archimedes Principle - arguably, the oldest Physical Law.The purpose of this paper is delving at the very roots of the concept ofbuoyancy by means of a combined experimental-theoretical study on sedimentationprofiles in colloidal mixtures. Our analysis shows that the standardArchimedes' principle is only a limiting approximation, valid for mesoscopicparticles settling in a molecular fluid, and we provide a general expressionfor the actual buoyancy force. This "Generalized Archimedes Principle" accountsfor unexpected effects, such as denser particles floating on top of a lighterfluid, which in fact we observe in our experiments.

What buoyancy really is. A Generalized Archimedes Principle for sedimentation and ultracentrifugation