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The iron oxide photoanode was modified with a graphene-carbon nanotube (CNT) composite conducting scaffold for efficient charge transfer from Fe2O3 particles to transparent conducting oxide substrate in photoelectrochemical water splitting cells. The Fe2O3-composite photoanode showed a photocurrent increase of 530% compared with to the bare Fe2O3 photoanode at 1.23 V vs. RHE, while the increase was only 200 and 240% for Fe2O3-CNT and Fe2O3-graphene photoanodes, respectively. This remarkable performance enhancement by the composite scaffold was attributed to synergistic effects induced by the formation of a 3D-like architecture from 1D CNT and 2D graphene. They become a spacer for each other forming a more open and highly exposed structure, in which both 2D graphene and 1D CNT can exist in the forms with much less self-agglomeration, thus not only enlarging the contact area between the conducting scaffold and Fe2O3 particles but also recovering in part the intrinsic conducting ability of graphene and CNTclose413

Graphene–carbon nanotube composite as an effective conducting scaffold to enhance the photoelectrochemical water oxidation activity of a hematite film