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Using the tris(3,5-diphenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate ((Ph2)Tp) supporting ligand, a series of mono- and dinuclear ferrous complexes containing hydroquinonate (HQate) ligands have been prepared and structurally characterized with X-ray crystallography. The monoiron(II) complexes serve as faithful mimics of the substrate-bound form of hydroquinone dioxygenases (HQDOs) - a family of nonheme Fe enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of 1,4-dihydroxybenzene units. Reflecting the variety of HQDO substrates, the synthetic complexes feature both mono- and bidentate HQate ligands. The bidentate HQates cleanly provide five-coordinate, high-spin Fe(II) complexes with the general formula [Fe((Ph2)Tp)(HL(X))] (1X), where HL(X) is a HQate(1-) ligand substituted at the 2-position with a benzimidazolyl (1A), acetyl (1B and 1C), or methoxy (1D) group. In contrast, the monodentate ligand 2,6-dimethylhydroquinone (H(2)L(F)) exhibited a greater tendency to bridge between two Fe(II) centers, resulting in formation of [Fe(2)((Ph2)Tp)(2)(μ-L(F))(MeCN)]·[2F(MeCN)]. However, addition of one equivalent of "free" pyrazole ((Ph2)pz) ligand provided the mononuclear complex, [Fe((Ph2)Tp)(HL(F))((Ph2)pz)]·[1F((Ph2)pz)], which is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the HL(F) and (Ph2)pz donors. Complex 1F((Ph2)pz) represents the first crystallographically-characterized example of a monoiron complex bound to an untethered HQate ligand. The geometric and electronic structures of the Fe/HQate complexes were further probed with spectroscopic (UV-vis absorption, (1)H NMR) and electrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammograms of complexes in the 1X series revealed an Fe-based oxidation between 0 and -300 mV (vs. Fc(+/0)), in addition to irreversible oxidation(s) of the HQate ligand at higher potentials. The one-electron oxidized species (1X(OX)) were examined with UV-vis absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies.

Structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties of nonheme Fe(ii)–hydroquinonate complexes: synthetic models of hydroquinone dioxygenases