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C-X-C motif chemokine 9 (CXCL9), CXCL10, and CXCL11 are produced in response to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and trigger inflammation with the accumulation of activated lymphocytes. It appears that these chemokines could play a role in the pathogenesis of adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD). Therefore, we investigated the associations between the levels of these chemokine and clinical manifestations in patients with active AOSD. Serum levels of IFN-γ, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. IFN-γ levels were higher in AOSD patients than in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients ( p  = 0.001) or healthy controls (HCs) ( p  = 0.032). AOSD patients also exhibited higher levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 compared with RA patients ( p  < 0.001) and HCs ( p  < 0.001). In follow-up AOSD patients after treatment with corticosteroid, the levels of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 fell significantly, whereas IFN-γ levels were not significantly different. On immunohistochemistry, the percentage of CXCL10-positive inflammatory cells was higher in skin biopsy samples from AOSD patients than in those from normal control ( p  = 0.012), eczema ( p  = 0.019), and psoriasis ( p  = 0.009) groups. Levels of the IFN-γ–induced chemokines, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, were elevated and correlated with several disease activity markers. These interferon-γ–induced chemokines may contribute to inflammatory responses and skin manifestations in AOSD.

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Elevated circulating levels of the interferon-γ–induced chemokines are associated with disease activity and cutaneous manifestations in adult-onset Still’s disease