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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that can increase or decrease aphid growth rates and reproduction, but the reason by which this happens is unknown. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of this interaction, we examined the effect of AM fungi on the English Grain aphid ( Sitobion avenae ) development, reproduction, attraction, settlement and feeding behaviour on two naturally susceptible varieties  Triticum aestivum  (L.) variety Solstice and  T. monococcum  MDR037, and two naturally resistant lines,  T. monococcum  MDR045 and MDR049. Mycorrhizal colonisation increased the attractiveness of  T. aestivum  var. Solstice to aphids, but there was no effect on aphid development on this variety. Using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique, we found that mycorrhizal colonisation increased aphid phloem feeding on  T. monococcum  MDR037 and MDR045, colonisation also increased growth rate and reproductive success of  S. avenae  on these varieties. Mycorrhizas increased vascular bundle size, demonstrating that these fungi can influence plant anatomy. We discuss if and how this could be related to an enhanced success rate in phloem feeding in two varieties. Overall, we present and discuss how mycorrhizal fungi can affect the feeding behaviour of  S. avenae  in wheat, inducing susceptibility in a resistant variety.

Unravelling mycorrhiza-induced wheat susceptibility to the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae