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Cactin was originally identified as an interactor of the  Drosophila  IκB factor Cactus and shown to play a role in controlling embryonic polarity and regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. While subsequent studies have identified the roles for Cactin in the mammalian immune response, the immune function of Cactin in insects has not been described yet. Here, we identified a  Cactin  gene from the mealworm beetle,  Tenebrio molitor (TmCactin ) and characterized its functional role in innate immunity.  TmCactin  was highly expressed in prepupa to last instar stages, and its expression was high in the integument and Malpighian tubules of last instar larvae and adults.  TmCactin  was induced in larvae after infection with different pathogens and detectable within 3 hours of infection. The highest levels of  TmCactin  expression were detected at 9 hours post infection.  TmCactin  RNAi significantly decreased the survival rates of larvae after challenge with  Escherichia coli  and  Staphylococcus aureus , but had no significant effect after challenge with  Candida albicans . Furthermore,  TmCactin  RNAi significantly reduced the expression of seven antimicrobial peptide genes (AMPs) after bacterial challenge. Our results suggest that TmCactin may serve as an important regulator of innate immunity, mediating AMP responses against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in  T. molitor .

TmCactin plays an important role in Gram-negative and -positive bacterial infection by regulating expression of 7 AMP genes in Tenebrio molitor