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Small RNAs are important regulators for a variety of biological processes, including leaf development, flowering-time, embryogenesis and defense responses. miR163 is a non-conserved miRNA and its locus has evolved recently through inverted duplication of its target genes to which they belong to the SABATH family of related small-molecule methyltransferases (MTs). In  Arabidopsis thaliana , previous study demonstrated that miR163 accumulation was induced by alamethicin treatment, suggesting its roles in defense response pathways. Enhanced resistance against  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  tomato (Pst ) was observed in the  mir163  mutant, whereas transgenic lines overexpressing miR163 showed increase sensitivity to  Pst , suggesting that miR163 is a negative regulator of defense response. Elevated level of miR163 and its targets in  A. thaliana  were observed upon  Pst  treatment, suggesting a modulating relationship between miR163 and its targets. In addition, miR163 and histone deacetylase were found to act cooperatively in mediating defense against  Pst.  Transgenic plants overexpressing miR163-resistant targets suggested their different contributions in defense. Results from this study revealed that the stress-inducible miR163 and its targets act in concert to modulate defense responses against bacterial pathogen in  A. thaliana .

Regulation of miR163 and its targets in defense against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana