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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the microbiota of children with severe or complicated acute viral gastroenteritis (AGE). To that end, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was used to sequence the 16S ribosomal RNA ( 16S rRNA ) gene in 20 hospitalized pediatric patients with severe or complicated AGE and a further 20 otherwise healthy children; the fecal microbiome was then assessed. Comparative metagenomics data were analyzed by a Wilcoxon rank–sum test and hierarchical clustering analysis of bacterial reads. The statistical analyses showed a significantly decreased Shannon diversity index (entropy score) of the intestinal microbiota in patients with severe AGE compared with normal controls ( P  = 0.017) and patients with mild-to-moderate AGE ( P  = 0.011). The intestinal microbiota score of the 5 patients with rotavirus AGE was significantly lower than that of those with norovirus infection ( P  = 0.048). Greater richness in  Campylobacteraceae (P  = 0.0003),  Neisseriaceae (P  = 0.0115),  Methylobacteriaceae (P  = 0.0004),  Sphingomonadaceae (P  = 0.0221), and  Enterobacteriaceae (P  = 0.0451) was found in patients with complicated AGE compared with normal controls. The data suggest a significant reduction in intestinal microbial diversity in patients with severe AGE, particularly those with rotavirus infection.

Intestinal microbiome in children with severe and complicated acute viral gastroenteritis