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Three new oxoaporphine Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes  1 – 3  have been synthesized and fully characterized.  1 – 3  have similar mononuclear structures with the metal and ligand ratio of 1:2.  1 – 3  exhibited higher cytotoxicity than the  OD  ligand and cisplatin against HepG2, T-24, BEL-7404, MGC80–3 and SK-OV-3/DDP cells, with IC 50  value of 0.23−4.31 μM. Interestingly, 0.5 μM  1 – 3  significantly caused HepG2 arrest at S-phase, which was associated with the up-regulation of p53, p21, p27, Chk1 and Chk2 proteins, and decrease in cyclin A, CDK2, Cdc25A, PCNA proteins. In addition,  1 – 3  induced HepG2 apoptosis via a caspase-dependent mitochondrion pathway as evidenced by p53 activation, ROS production, Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome  c  release, caspase activation and PARP cleavage. Furthermore,  3  inhibited tumor growth in HepG2 xenograft model, and displayed more safety profile  in vivo  than cisplatin.

Oxoaporphine Metal Complexes (CoII, NiII, ZnII) with High Antitumor Activity by Inducing Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis and S-phase Arrest in HepG2