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The family of  Wuschel-related Homeobox  ( WOX ) genes is a class of transcription factors involved in the early stages of embryogenesis and organ development in plants. Some of these genes have shown different transcription levels in embryogenic tissues and mature organs in two different cultivars of  Vitis vinifera : ‘Chardonnay’ (CH) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS). Therefore, we investigated the genetic basis responsible for these differences by cloning and sequencing in both the cultivars the promoter regions (~2000 bp) proximal to the transcription start site of five  VvWOX  genes. We then introduced these promoters into  Arabidopsis thaliana  for expression pattern characterisation using the  GUS  reporter gene. In the transgenic  Arabidopsis , two promoters isolated from CS ( pVvWOX13C_CS  and  pVvWOX6_CS ) induced increased expression compared to the sequence isolated in CH, confirming the data obtained in grapevine tissues. These results were corroborated by transient expression assays using the agroinfiltration approach in grapevine somatic embryos. Truncated versions of  pVvWOX13C  demonstrated that few nucleotide differences between the sequences isolated from CH and CS are pivotal for the transcriptional regulation of  VvWOX13C . Analysis of promoters using heterologous and homologous systems appear to be effective for exploring gene modulation linked with intervarietal sequence variation in grapevine.

Cultivar-specific gene modulation in Vitis vinifera: analysis of the promoters regulating the expression of WOX transcription factors