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We investigated nitrogen-cycle bacterial communities in activated sludge from 8 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Redundancy analyses (RDA) showed that temperature was the most significant driving force in shaping microbial community structure, followed by influent NH 4  +  and total nitrogen (TN). The diversity of ammonia oxidizing and nitrite reducing bacteria were investigated by the construction of  amoA, nirS  and  nirK  gene clone libraries. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that  Thauera  and  Mesorhizobium  were the predominant nitrite reducing bacteria, and  Nitrosomonas  was the only detected ammonia oxidizing bacteria in all samples. Quantification of transcription level of  nirS  and  nirK  genes indicated that  nirS -type nitrite reducing bacteria played the dominant roles in nitrite reduction process. Transcription level of  nirS  gene positively correlated with influent NH 4  +  and TN significantly, whereas inversely linked with hydraulic retention time. Temperature had a strong positive correlation to transcription level of  amoA  gene. Overall, this study deepened our understanding of the major types of ammonia oxidizing and nitrite reducing bacteria in activated sludge of municipal WWTPs. The relationship between transcription level of nitrogen-cycle genes and operational or environmental variables of WWTPs revealed in this work could provide guidance for optimization of operating parameters and improving the performance of nitrogen removal.

Elucidation of major contributors involved in nitrogen removal and transcription level of nitrogen-cycling genes in activated sludge from WWTPs