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Ethylene biosynthesis and the ethylene signaling pathway regulate plant salt tolerance by activating the expression of downstream target genes such as those related to ROS and Na + /K +  homeostasis. The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway regulates Na + /K +  homeostasis in  Arabidopsis  under salt stress. However, the connection between these two pathways is unclear. Through genetic screening, we identified two  sos2  alleles as salt sensitive mutants in the  ein3-1  background. Neither Ethylene-Insensitive 2 (EIN2) nor EIN3 changed the expression patterns of  SOS  genes including  SOS1, SOS2, SOS3  and  SOS3-like Calcium Binding Protein 8 (SCaBP8 ), but SOS2 activated the expression of one target gene of EIN3,  Ethylene and Salt-inducible ERF 1 (ESE1 ). Moreover, Ser/Thr protein kinase SOS2 phosphorylated EIN3  in vitro  mainly at the S325 site and weakly at the S35, T42 and S606 sites. EIN3 S325A mutation reduced its transcriptional activating activity on  ESE1  promoter:GUS in a transient GUS assay, and impaired its ability to rescue  ein3-1  salt hypersensitivity. Furthermore, SOS2 activated salt-responsive ESE1 target gene expression under salt stress. Therefore, EIN3-SOS2 might link the ethylene signaling pathway and the SOS pathway in  Arabidopsis  salt responses.

EIN3 and SOS2 synergistically modulate plant salt tolerance