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Salvia miltiorrhiza  is a well-known material of traditional Chinese medicine. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of phenolic acid biosynthesis and metabolism are important for  S. miltiorrhiza  quality improvement. We report here that  S. miltiorrhiza  contains 19 polyphenol oxidases ( PPOs ), forming the largest  PPO  gene family in plant species to our knowledge. Analysis of gene structures and sequence features revealed the conservation and divergence of  SmPPOs. SmPPOs  were differentially expressed in plant tissues and eight of them were predominantly expressed in phloem and xylem, indicating that some  SmPPOs  are functionally redundant, whereas the others are associated with different physiological processes. Expression patterns of eighteen  SmPPOs  were significantly altered under MeJA treatment, and twelve were yeast extract and Ag + -responsive, suggesting the majority of  SmPPOs  are stress-responsive. Analysis of high-throughput small RNA sequences and degradome data showed that miR1444-mediated regulation of  PPOs  existing in  P. trichocarpa  is absent from  S. miltiorrhiza . Instead, a subset of  SmPPOs  was posttranscriptionally regulated by a novel miRNA, termed Smi-miR12112. It indicates the specificity and significance of miRNA-mediated regulation of  PPOs . The results shed light on the regulation of  SmPPO  expression and suggest the complexity of SmPPO-associated phenolic acid biosynthesis and metabolism.

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Characterization of the polyphenol oxidase gene family reveals a novel microRNA involved in posttranscriptional regulation of PPOs in Salvia miltiorrhiza